{"id":156927,"date":"2025-12-18T13:47:12","date_gmt":"2025-12-18T19:47:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.unan.edu.ni\/?p=156927"},"modified":"2025-12-18T15:04:58","modified_gmt":"2025-12-18T21:04:58","slug":"tecnicas-cromatograficas-para-el-monitoreo-de-los-hidrocarburos-totales-del-petroleo-htp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.unan.edu.ni\/index.php\/reportajes\/tecnicas-cromatograficas-para-el-monitoreo-de-los-hidrocarburos-totales-del-petroleo-htp.odp","title":{"rendered":"T\u00e9cnicas Cromatogr\u00e1ficas para el monitoreo de los Hidrocarburos Totales del Petr\u00f3leo (HTP)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"156927\" class=\"elementor elementor-156927\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5f4869f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5f4869f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3e6212d4\" data-id=\"3e6212d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17c06220 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"17c06220\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a9eef1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a9eef1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReportajes\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4fa9838c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4fa9838c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-42f40f89\" data-id=\"42f40f89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f39b521\" data-id=\"6f39b521\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65059898\" data-id=\"65059898\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11e43988 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"11e43988\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f1c1696 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f1c1696\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e9cnicas Cromatogr\u00e1ficas para el monitoreo de los Hidrocarburos Totales del Petr\u00f3leo (HTP)<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a8f812f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4a8f812f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-36780f8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"36780f8f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-382f8a0a\" data-id=\"382f8a0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bfa8457 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6bfa8457\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1080\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.unan.edu.ni\/wp-content\/uploads\/IMG_1095.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-156928\" alt=\"T\u00e9cnicas Cromatogr\u00e1ficas para el monitoreo de los Hidrocarburos Totales del Petr\u00f3leo (HTP)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.unan.edu.ni\/wp-content\/uploads\/IMG_1095.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/www.unan.edu.ni\/wp-content\/uploads\/IMG_1095-300x160.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.unan.edu.ni\/wp-content\/uploads\/IMG_1095-1024x546.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.unan.edu.ni\/wp-content\/uploads\/IMG_1095-768x410.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e868c33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"6e868c33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-aa4fcf3 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unan.edu.ni\/index.php\/author\/dci\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-user-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDirecci\u00f3n de Comunicaci\u00f3n Institucional\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-e1ee0d7 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"about\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-tags\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-terms\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unan.edu.ni\/index.php\/odp\/reportajes\" class=\"elementor-post-info__terms-list-item\">Reportajes<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-22b7949 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unan.edu.ni\/index.php\/2025\/12\/18\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>diciembre 18, 2025<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63cc7b0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"63cc7b0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Los Hidrocarburos Totales del Petr\u00f3leo (HTP) constituyen la principal fuente de energ\u00eda a nivel mundial (ej. gasolina, di\u00e9sel, gas natural). Son una mezcla compleja de compuestos qu\u00edmicos org\u00e1nicos que se originan a partir del petr\u00f3leo; se clasifican como hidrocarburos alif\u00e1ticos e hidrocarburos arom\u00e1ticos polic\u00edclicos (HAPs). Los alif\u00e1ticos, seg\u00fan su temperatura de ebullici\u00f3n y n\u00famero de carbonos, se dividen en GRO (La gasolina), DRO (Di\u00e9sel) y ORO (Aceites Lubricantes).\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La contaminaci\u00f3n por HTP causada por derrames, fugas en <a href=\"https:\/\/fastercapital.com\/es\/tema\/%C2%BFqu%C3%A9-son-los-oleoductos-y-por-qu%C3%A9-son-importantes.html\/1\">oleoductos<\/a>, desechos industriales o el uso de combustibles tiene efectos cr\u00edticos en los cuerpos de agua superficiales; al permanecer en la superficie, el petr\u00f3leo impide la penetraci\u00f3n de luz solar, reduce la zona f\u00f3tica y limita el intercambio gaseoso de ox\u00edgeno, lo que puede provocar la asfixia de la vida acu\u00e1tica. Adem\u00e1s, estos compuestos tienen la capacidad de percolar a trav\u00e9s del suelo y contaminar el agua subterr\u00e1nea.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Algunos HAPs, como el acenafteno, antraceno, fluoreno, o pireno, tienen gran importancia en la <a href=\"https:\/\/blog-mx.coldjet.com\/industria-petroquimica\">petroqu\u00edmica<\/a>, ya que son materia prima esencial en la fabricaci\u00f3n de diluyentes, colorantes, pigmentos, productos pl\u00e1sticos, fertilizantes, plaguicidas, fibras sint\u00e9ticas y solventes. Son liberados al medioambiente tanto por procesos antropog\u00e9nicos (combusti\u00f3n incompleta o pir\u00f3lisis de materia org\u00e1nica) como por procesos naturales (incendios forestales, erupciones volc\u00e1nicas y s\u00edntesis\/degradaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica de la biomasa).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Los HAPs, como el Benzo(a)pireno y el Benzo(a)antraceno, que se forman por la combusti\u00f3n incompleta de materia org\u00e1nica (combustibles f\u00f3siles, carne), est\u00e1n vinculados a diversos c\u00e1nceres (pulm\u00f3n y piel). Otros compuestos de riesgo incluyen el benceno (causa leucemia) y los pirenos, presentes en el humo del cigarrillo y el holl\u00edn. La Agencia de Protecci\u00f3n Ambiental (EPA) clasific\u00f3 los siguientes siete compuestos de los HAPs como posibles carcin\u00f3genos para humanos: benzo(a)antraceno, benzo(a)pireno, benzo(b)fluoranteno, benzo(k)fluoranteno, criseno, dibenzo(ah)antraceno e indeno (1,2, 3-cd)pireno.\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La UNAN-Managua, mediante el Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Recursos Acu\u00e1ticos (CIRA), ha implementado metodolog\u00edas estandarizadas para determinar los diferentes rangos org\u00e1nicos de hidrocarburos en matrices ambientales como agua, suelo y sedimento. Para esto, cuenta con un equipo de Cromatograf\u00eda de Gases con Detector de Masas (GC\/MSD), y para la determinaci\u00f3n de compuestos Vol\u00e1tiles (BTEX).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tambi\u00e9n dispone de un muestreador de Espacio de Cabeza (Headspace); esta instrumentaci\u00f3n permite obtener resultados con alta confiabilidad y precisi\u00f3n, lo que ayuda a evaluar la contaminaci\u00f3n y el posible impacto que los HTP pueden tener en los ecosistemas acu\u00e1ticos y terrestres.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Esta capacidad anal\u00edtica ha permitido desarrollar investigaciones cient\u00edfico-acad\u00e9micas dentro del programa de maestr\u00eda en Ciencias del Agua con \u00e9nfasis en Calidad del Agua. Un ejemplo es el estudio realizado en la Laguna de Perlas (RACCS), donde la \u00abevaluaci\u00f3n espacio temporal de la calidad del agua y sedimento\u00bb identific\u00f3 la presencia de HTP.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Adicionalmente, el CIRA brinda servicios especializados a empresas privadas y estaciones de servicio, ayud\u00e1ndolas a monitorear las concentraciones de HTP en sus sistemas de tratamiento. Esto contribuye al cumplimiento de las normativas y del Decreto No. 21-2017 (Disposiciones para el Vertido de Aguas Residuales a Cuerpos Receptores).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A trav\u00e9s de esta t\u00e9cnica, el CIRA facilita el monitoreo continuo de sitios clave (ej. gasolineras, refiner\u00edas, zonas de almacenamiento y transporte), generando informaci\u00f3n que ayuda a detectar posibles focos de contaminaci\u00f3n por fugas, prevenir derrames y preservar nuestros ecosistemas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d4877b9 elementor-share-buttons--skin-framed elementor-share-buttons--shape-rounded elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons\" data-id=\"7d4877b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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